Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders

Metabolic syndrome is a medical disorder that may lead to cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Metabolic syndrome is a Group of conditions increased blood pressure, a high blood sugar level, excess body fat around the waist and abnormal cholesterol levels that occur together, increasing your risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. Also, a hormone disorder in which the female body produces too much of certain hormones. Genetic factors influence each individual component of the syndrome, and the syndrome itself. A family history that includes type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and early heart disease greatly increases the chance that an individual will develop metabolic syndrome. Most of the disorders associated with metabolic syndrome have no symptoms, although a large waist circumference is a visible sign and it alters sex hormone levels. If your blood sugar is very high, you might experience signs and symptoms of diabetes including increased thirst and urination, fatigue, and blurred vision.

Insulin, the hormone delivered by the beta cells in the pancreas, permits (glucose) cells to have the capacity to utilize glucose. The abundance sugar stays in the blood and is then evacuated by the kidneys. This sickness happens in a few structures, yet the most well-known are Type I Diabetes or Juvenile Onset Diabetes or Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM), Type II or Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM), and Gestational.

\ Adrenal glands are small glands located on top of each kidney. They produce hormones that you can't live without, including sex hormones and cortisol. Cortisol helps you respond to stress and has many other important functions. In Cushing's syndrome, there's too much cortisol, while with Addison's disease, there is too little. Thyroid gland influences almost all of the metabolic processes in your body. Thyroid disorders can range from a small, harmless goiter (enlarged gland) that needs no treatment to life-threatening cancer. Too much thyroid hormone results in a condition known as hyperthyroidism. Insufficient hormone production leads to hypothyroidism.

\ Nervous and endocrine systems often act together in a process called neuroendocrine integration, to regulate the physiological processes of the human body. Neuroendocrinology arose from the recognition that the brain, especially the hypothalamus, controls secretion of pituitary gland hormones, and has subsequently expanded to investigate numerous interconnections of the endocrine and nervous systems.

\ Reproductive endocrinology and infertility specialists primarily focus on the treatment of infertility, reproductive endocrinologists are trained to also evaluate and treat hormonal dysfunctions in females and males outside infertility. Reproductive endocrinologists have specialty training in obstetrics and gynecology (ob-gyn) before they undergo sub-specialty training in Reproductive Endocrinology and infertility

\ Endocrine glands are a group of glands in the body which secrete hormones. The endocrine system influences how your heart beats, how your bones and tissues grow, even your ability to make a baby. It plays a vital role in whether or not you develop diabetes, thyroid disease, growth disorders, sexual dysfunction, and a host of other hormone-related disorders. Endocrine disorders are typically grouped into two categories: A. Endocrine disease that results when a gland produces too much or too little of an endocrine hormone, called a hormonal imbalance. B. Endocrine disease due to the development of lesions (such as nodules or tumors) in the endocrine system, which may or may not effect on hormone levels.

\ The case study is an important part of research and treatment. Clinical case study aims to directly improve global health outcomes and share clinical knowledge using case reports to convey important best practice messages. If the case study is done then the advanced medical technologies like transplantation, holistic treatment can be used more rapidly in hospitals and with the more study in Glycemic index and load, we can find the diseases or problem like Cortisol. Even with this, we can know the number of people by using Diabetes Statistics having diseases and can find by advances in diabetes cure. Drug mechanism can be known and along with these new technologies as well pharmacotherapy can be done. The clinical case study done in medical diabetes could lead to finding an innovative way of treating diabetes.

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\ Obesity is the most challenging health problems of the 21st century and one of the most common non-communicable diseases globally. obesity has also become a worldwide epidemic. Obesity is a risk factor for the development of insulin resistance, with pancreatic beta cells compensating for insulin resistance by augmenting insulin secretion. The failure of beta-cells is believed to cause pre-diabetes, a condition that can lead to diabetes". Approximately 85% of people with diabetes are type 2, and of these, 90% are obese or overweight. obesity are major contributors to various other chronic diseases such as coronary artery diseases, myocardial infarction, hypertension, dyslipidemia and a number of other complicated disorders.

\ Metabolic responses and Nutrition focuses on the integration of nutrition, exercise physiology, clinical investigations, and molecular and cellular biochemistry of metabolism. The areas of interest of Nutrition & Metabolism encompass studies in obesity, diabetes, lipidemias, metabolic syndrome and exercise physiology that have an underlying basis in metabolism.  In persons with type 2 diabetes, protein ingestion results in little or no increase in plasma glucose concentrations but a stimulation of insulin and glucagon secretion. The nutritional requirements of a neonate are significantly greater than those of an adult because not only are there requirements for substrate intake to fulfill basic metabolic needs, but there are metabolic needs to maintain rapid and continued growth and development.

Hormones help the body regulate processes, such as appetite, breathing, growth, fluid balance, feminization and virilization, and weight control. Common endocrine disorders include diabetes mellitus, acromegaly, Addison’s disease, Cushing’s syndrome, Graves’ disease, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and prolactinoma. These disorders often have widespread symptoms, affect multiple parts of the body, and can range in severity from mild to very severe. Treatments depend on the specific disorder but often focus on adjusting hormone balance using synthetic hormones.

Role of the endocrine system in vital activity of the organism

Etiology of endocrine disorders

Pathogenesis of endocrine disorders

Disorders of endocrine gland regulation

Role of mechanisms feedback bond in endocrine disturbances

Disorders of transport, reception and hormones metabolism

Disorders of endocrine functions, connected with disturbances of the interaction of hormones with peripheral cells

Disorder of endocrine functions, connected with disturbances of hormones metabolism

Role of the pituitary gland in peripheral endocrine gland function

Hyperfunction of adenohypophysis (hyperpituitarism)

Hyperfunction of neurohypophysis

Hypofunction of neurohypophysis

Disorders of adrenal gland function

Insufficiency of the adrenal cortex

The increase of adrenals cortex function

Adrenogenital  syndrome

Disorders of adrenal medulla function

Endocrine surgery is a surgical subspecialty of surgery that focuses predominantly on diseases of the endocrine glands such as thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands. Endocrine surgeons and Endocrinologists typically work closely together to provide the most advantageous care to patients afflicted with endocrine disorders.

Basal Acid Output (BAO), Bilateral Simultaneous Inferior Petrosal Sinus Sampling (IPSS) with CRF, Bone Marrow Aspirate

C-peptide Suppression Test, Calcium Infusion Test for Medullary Cancer of the Thyroid, Captopril Test, Clomiphene Test, Clonidine Suppression Test, Combined Pituitary Function Tests (CPT), Cortisol Day Curve, CRH Test

High Dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test, Hydrocortisone Day Curve (HCDC), Hydroxycorticosterone (18-OHB) and - cortisol (18-OHF) Tests, Hyperaldosteronism Investigations, Hyperparathyroidism Investigations, Insulin Tolerance Test, Insulin: Glucagon Ratio, Intravenous Secretin Test, Investigating Systemic Mastocytosis, Ischaemic Lactate Test

Long Synacthen Test, Low Dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test, Measuring Skin-fold Thickness, MIBG Scan, Octreoscan, Operative Management of Pituitary Tumours, Oral Glucose Tolerance Test for Acromegaly, Overnight Dexamethasone Suppression Test

 Pentagastrin Test for Medullary Cancer of the Thyroid, Pentolinium Suppression Test, Percutaneous Trans-hepatic Portal Venous Sampling, Peripheral Venous Sampling for Ectopic Sources of ACTH, Petrosal Sinus Sampling, Post Operative Investigation of Thyroid Carcinoma, Posture Studies, Pro-insulin and C-peptide, Prolonged Supervised Fast

 Radioactive Iodine Test, Screening for Ovulation, Selective Arterial Injection for the Localization of Gastrinomas and Insulinomas, Selenium Cholesterol Scanning for Conn's Tumours

 Short Synacthen Test, Somatostatin Receptor ScintigraphyTechnetium Scan, Therapeutic Trial of ddAVP, Thyrotrophin Releasing Hormone (TRH) Test, Tolbutamide Test, Ultrasound, Visual Field Testing (Goldmann perimetry), Water Deprivation Test